تأثير الفساد على ربحية المصارف: دراسة مقارنة بين المصارف الإسلامية والمصارف التقليدية
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.58987/dujhss.v4i8.289الكلمات المفتاحية:
الفساد، المصارف الإسلامية، المصارف التقليدية، الربحية، الانحدار الكميالملخص
تهدف هذه الدراسة إلى فحص تأثير الفساد على ربحية المصارف في الأنظمة المصرفية المزدوجة في 14 دولة إسلامية، خلال فترة ما بعد الأزمة المالية العالمية من عام 2011 إلى 2019. وقد شملت عينة الدراسة 331 مصرفاً (134 مصرفاً إسلامياً و197 مصرفاً تقليدياً)، وذلك باستخدام طريقة الانحدار الكمي الحديثة التي طورها بأول (Powell, 2016). وعلى عكس الانحدار الخطي العادي المستخدم في الدراسات السابقة، والتي اعتمدت على طريقة المربعات الصغرى العادية (OLS) لحساب المتوسط الشرطي، فإن الانحدار الكمي يقدر الوسيط الشرطي. لذلك، فهو يساعد على فهم النتائج التي لا تتبع التوزيع الطبيعي، ولها علاقات غير خطية مع المتغيرات التنبؤية. كما طبقت الدراسة طريقتي التأثيرات الثابتة والعشوائية للتأكد من مدى صحة النتائج التي توصلنا إليها. تظهر النتائج أن الفساد ليس له تأثير ذو دلالة إحصائية على ربحية المصارف الإسلامية في كل المستويات. وفي المقابل، يظهر للفساد تأثيرات مختلطة وذات دلالة إحصائية على المصارف التقليدية. حيث يؤثر الفساد وحجم المصرف سلباً على المصارف التقليدية ذات الأرباح العالية. بينما يؤثر إيجاباً على المصارف ذات الأرباح المنخفضة والمتوسطة. ويعود السبب في ذلك إلى أن الحكومات تحمي المصارف الكبيرة بشكل صريح أو خفي إذا كان فشلها يهدد بضعف الاقتصاد. وبسبب هذه الحماية، تواجه المصارف مشكلة المخاطر الأخلاقية الناتجة عن مبدأ أكبر من أن تفشل ونظرية الرمل في العجلات. وهذا بدوره يشجعها على تمويل عملاء غير موثوقين، وإساءة استخدام السلطة لتحقيق مصالح شخصية. بناءً على ذلك، تحث هذه الدراسة صناع القرار على وضع لوائح تنظيمية جديدة تشبه تلك المطبقة في المصارف الإسلامية. ويساعد هذا في تقليل أثر الفساد على ربحية المصارف التقليدية بشكل أكثر كفاءة، وبما يضمن تحقيق التنمية الاقتصادية.
المراجع
Abedifar, P., M. Ebrahim, S., Molyneux, P., & Tarazi, A. (2016). Islamic banking and finance: Recent empirical literature and directions for future research. A Collection of Reviews on Savings and Wealth Accumulation, 59-91.
Abel, S., & Le Roux, P. (2016). Determinants of banking sector profitability in Zimbabwe. International Journal of Economics and Financial Issues, 6(3).
Abid, L., Ouertani, M. N., & Zouari-Ghorbel, S. (2014). Macroeconomic and bank-specific determinants of household's non-performing loans in Tunisia: A dynamic panel data. Procedia Economics and Finance, 13, 58-68.
Aburime, T. (2008). Determinants of bank profitability: company-level evidence from Nigeria. Available at SSRN 1106825.
Aburime, T. U. (2010). Impact of corruption on bank profitability in Nigeria. EuroEconomica, 23(2).
Ahmad, F. (2015), “Explanatory power of bank specific variables as determinants of non-performing loans: evidence from Pakistan banking”, World Applied Sciences Journal, Vol. 22 January 2013, pp. 1220-1231.
Aidt, T. S. (2009). Corruption, institutions, and economic development. Oxford review of economic policy, 25(2), 271-291.
Aish, K., Hassan, M. K., Zaman, Q. U., Ehsan, S., Abbas, K., & Shah, I. H. (2022). Do Islamic banks gain from corruption and money laundering (ML)?. Journal of Money Laundering Control, 25(4), 909-929.
Aladawan, M. S. (2015). The impact of bank size on profitability “an empirical study on listed Jordanian commercial banks”. European Scientific Journal, ESJ, 11(34).
Arshad, S., & Rizvi, S. A. R. (2013). Impact of corruption on bank profitability: an analysis of Islamic banks. International Journal of Business Governance and Ethics, 8(3), 195-209.
Asteriou, D., Pilbeam, K., & Tomuleasa, I. (2021). The impact of corruption, economic freedom, regulation and transparency on bank profitability and bank stability: Evidence from the Eurozone area. Journal of Economic Behavior & Organization, 184, 150-177.
Athanasoglou, P. P., Brissimis, S. N., & Delis, M. D. (2008). Bank-specific, industry-specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability. Journal of international financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 18(2), 121-136.
Athanasoglou, P., Delis, M., & Staikouras, C. (2006). Determinants of bank profitability in the South Eastern European region.
Atkins, B., Dou, Y., & Ng, J. T. Y. (2015). Corruption in bank lending: The role of timely loan loss provisioning.
Baele, L., Farooq, M., & Ongena, S. (2014). Of religion and redemption: Evidence from default on Islamic loans. Journal of Banking & Finance, 44, 141–159. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbankfin.2014.03.005.
Beckmann, R. (2007). Profitability of Western European banking systems: panel evidence on structural and cyclical determinants.
Bektas, E., Elbadri, M., & Molyneux, P. (2022) ‘Do institutions, religion and the economic cycle impact bank stability in dual banking systems?’, Journal of International Financial Management and Accounting, 33(2), 252–284.
Berger, A. (1995). The Profit-Structure Relationship in Banking-Tests of Market-Power and Efficient Structure Hypotheses. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 27(2), 404–431.
Berger, A. N., & DeYoung, R. (1997). Problem loans and cost efficiency in commercial banks. Journal of Banking & Finance, 21(6), 849-870.
Berger, A. N., Hanweck, G. A., & Humphrey, D. B. (1987). Competitive viability in banking: Scale, scope, and product mix economies. Journal of monetary economics, 20(3), 501-520.
Berger, Allen N. and Mester, Loretta J., (1999) What Explains the Dramatic Changes in Cost and Profit Performance of the U.S. Banking Industry? Working Paper No. 99-1,
Bikker, J. A., & Hu, H. (2001). Cyclical patterns in profits, provisioning and lending of banks and procyclicality of the new Basel capital requirements. Research Series Supervision, 39.
Bitar, M., Hassan, M. K., & Walker, T. (2017). Political systems and the financial soundness of Islamic banks. Journal of Financial Stability, 31, 18-44.
Bougatef, K. (2015). The impact of corruption on the soundness of Islamic banks. Borsa Istanbul Review, 15(4), 283-295.
Bougatef, K. (2016). How corruption affects loan portfolio quality in emerging markets? Journal of financial crime, 23(4), 769-785.
Bougatef, K. (2017). Determinants of bank profitability in Tunisia: does corruption matter? Journal of Money Laundering Control, 20(1), 70-78.
Boukou, J. (2017). Corruption and firm performance: An empirical study on the impact of bribe payments on the performance of Chinese firms.
Brown NC, Smith JD, White RM, Zutter CJ (2021) Political corruption and firm value in the US: Do rents and monitoring matter? J Bus Ethics 168:335–351
Bunyaminu, A., Bashiru, S., Amadu I. M., Yakubu I. N., Iddrisu A. J. (2021) " Investigating the Impact of Capital Adequacy Ratio and Corruption on Bank Risk-Taking in Ghana", Academy of Accounting and Financial Studies Journal. 25(3),1-7.
Calza, A., Manrique, M., & Sousa, J. (2006). Credit in the euro area: An empirical investigation using aggregate data. The Quarterly Review of Economics and Finance, 46(2), 211-226.
Canay, I. A. (2011). A simple approach to quantile regression for panel data. The Econometrics Journal, 14(3), 368-386.
Castro, Conceição y Nunes, Pedro y (2013), "Does corruption inhibit foreign direct investment?." Política, Vol. 51, núm.1, pp.61-83 [Consultado: 9 de Octubre de 2022]. ISSN: 0716-1077. Disponible en : https://www.redalyc.org/articulo.oa?id=64528862003
Chaibi, H., & Ftiti, Z. (2015). Credit risk determinants: Evidence from a cross-country study. Research in international business and finance, 33, 1-16.
Chen, S. H., & Liao, C. C. (2011). Are foreign banks more profitable than domestic banks? Home-and host-country effects of banking market structure, governance, and supervision. Journal of Banking & Finance, 35(4), 819-839.
Choi, J. P., & Thum, M. (2005). Corruption and the Shadow Economy. International Economic Review, 46(3), 817–836.
Chowdhury, M. A. F., Haque, M. M., & Masih, M. (2017). Re-examining the determinants of Islamic bank performance: new evidence from dynamic GMM, quantile regression, and wavelet coherence approaches. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 53(7), 1519-1534.
Dass N, Nanda V, Xiao SC (2016) Public corruption in the United States: Implications for local firms. Rev Corp Finance Stud 5(1):102–138.
De Young, R., & Rice, T. (2004). Noninterest income and financial performance at US commercial banks. Financial Review, 39(1), 101-127.
Demirgüç-Kunt, A., & Huizinga, H. (1999). Determinants of commercial bank interest margins and profitability: some international evidence. The World Bank Economic Review, 13(2), 379-408.
Elbadri, M. & Bektas, E. (2017). Measuring The Financial Stability of Islamic and Conventional Banks in Turkey. In New Challenges in Banking and Finance , 115-137.
Galvao, A. F., Lamarche, C., & Lima, L. R. (2013). Estimation of censored quantile regression for panel data with fixed effects. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 108(503), 1075-1089.
Gao, Y. (2010). Mimetic isomorphism, market competition, perceived benefit and bribery of firms in transitional China. Australian Journal of Management, 35(2), 203-222.
Gheeraert, L., & Weill, L. (2015). Does Islamic banking development favor macroeconomic efficiency? Evidence on the Islamic finance-growth nexus. Economic modelling, 47, 32-39.
Goddard, J., Molyneux, P., & Wilson, J. O. (2004). Dynamics of growth and profitability in banking. Journal of Money, Credit and Banking, 1069-1090.
Goel, R. K., & Hasan, I. (2011). Economy-wide corruption and bad loans in banking: international evidence. Applied Financial Economics, 21(7), 455-461. https://www.transparency.org/en/cpi/2018/index/dnk
Hassan, M. K., Hasan, R., Miah, M. D., & Ashfaq, M. (2021). Corruption and bank efficiency: Expanding the ‘sand or grease the wheel hypothesis’ for the Gulf Cooperation Council. Journal of Public Affairs, e2737. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.2737.
Hoepner, A. G., Rammal, H. G., & Rezec, M. (2011). Islamic mutual funds’ financial performance and international investment style: evidence from 20 countries. The European Journal of Finance, 17(9-10), 829-850.
Hoinaru, R.; Buda, D.; Borlea, S.N.; Văidean, V.L.; Achim, M.-V. (2020). The Impact of Corruption and Shadow Economy on the Economic and Sustainable Development. Do They “Sand the Wheels” or “Grease the Wheels”? Sustainability. 12, 481.
Horvath, R., Vaško, D. (2016). Central bank transparency and financial stability. Journal of Financial Stability. V:22. PP. 45-56.
Kanapiyanova, K., Faizulayev, A., Ruzanov, R., Ejdys, J., Kulumbetova, D. and Elbadri, M. (2022), "Does social and governmental responsibility matter for financial stability and bank profitability? Evidence from commercial and Islamic banks", Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JIABR-01-2022-0004
Kniesner, T. J., Viscusi, W. K., & Ziliak, J. P. (2010). Policy relevant heterogeneity in the value of statistical life: New evidence from panel data quantile regressions. Journal of Risk and Uncertainty, 40(1), 15-31.
Koenker, R. (2017). Quantile regression: 40 years on. Annual Review of Economics, 9, 155-176.
Koenker, R., & Bassett Jr, G. (1978). Regression quantiles. Econometrica: journal of the Econometric Society, 33-50.
Koenker, R., & Xiao, Z. (2004). Unit root quantile autoregression inference. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 99(467), 775-787.
Kordbacheh, H. and Sadati, S.Z. (2022), "Corruption and banking soundness: does natural resource dependency matter?", Journal of Financial Crime, Vol. 29 No. 1, pp. 293-308. https://doi.org/10.1108/JFC-01-2021-0004
Kosmidou, K. (2008). The determinants of banks' profits in Greece during the period of EU financial integration. Managerial finance, 34(3), 146-159.
Kosmidou, K., Tanna, S., & Pasiouras, F. (2005, June). Determinants of profitability of domestic UK commercial banks: panel evidence from the period 1995-2002. In Money Macro and Finance (MMF) Research Group Conference (Vol. 45, pp. 1-27).
La Porta, R., Lopez‐de‐Silanes, F., & Shleifer, A. (2002). Government ownership of banks. The Journal of Finance, 57(1), 265-301.
Liao, C. C. (2009). Determinants of Bank Profitability in 16 Asian Countries: Does Cross-Country Difference in Banking Market Structure Matter?
Liu, T., Hammoudeh, S., & Thompson, M. A. (2013). A momentum threshold model of stock prices and country risk ratings: Evidence from BRICS countries. Journal of International Financial Markets, Institutions and Money, 27, 99-112.
Mehta, A. (2012). Financial Performance of UAE Banking Sector-A Comparison of before and during Crisis Ratios. International Journal of Trade, Economics and Finance, 3(5), 381-387.
Méon, P. G., & Sekkat, K. (2005). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of growth?. Public choice, 122(1), 69-97.
Messai, A. S., & Jouini, F. (2013). Micro and macro determinants of non-performing loans. International journal of economics and financial issues, 3(4), 852-860.
Mishkin, F. S. (1999). Financial consolidation: Dangers and opportunities. Journal of Banking and Finance, 23(2), 675–691.
Mongid, A., & Tahir, I. M. (2011). Impact of corruption on banking profitability in ASEAN countries: an empirical analysis.
Murharsito, M., Fauziah, F. E., Kristijadi, E., & Iramani, R. (2017). Provincial corruption and local development bank performance. Economic Journal of Emerging Markets, 9(1), 66-73.
Naceur, S. B. (2003). The determinants of the Tunisian banking industry profitability: panel evidence. Universite Libre de Tunis working papers, 1-17.
Naceur, S. B., & Kandil, M. (2009). The impact of capital requirements on banks’ cost of intermediation and performance: The case of Egypt. Journal of Economics and Business, 61(1), 70-89.
Naceur, S. B., & Omran, M. (2011). The effects of bank regulations, competition, and financial reforms on banks' performance. Emerging markets review, 12(1), 1-20.
Ng, D. (2006), "The impact of corruption on financial markets", Managerial Finance, 32 (10), 822-836.
Park, J. (2012). Corruption, soundness of the banking sector, and economic growth: A cross-country study. Journal of international money and Finance, 31(5), 907-929.
Pasiouras, F., & Kosmidou, K. (2007). Factors influencing the profitability of domestic and foreign commercial banks in the European Union. Research in International Business and Finance, 21(2), 222-237.
Powell, D. (2016). Quantile treatment effects in the presence of covariates. RAND labor and population working paper, 1-53.
Qin, X. (2012). Quantile effects of casual factors on crash distributions. Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board, 2279(1), 40–46.
Qin, X., & Reyes, P. E. (2011). Conditional quantile analysis for crash count data. Journal of Transportation Engineering, 137(9), 601–607.
Qin, X., Ng, M., & Reyes, P. E. (2010). Identifying crash-prone locations with quantile regression. Accident Analysis and Prevention, 42(6), 1531–1537.
Rajan, R. (1994), “Why bank credit policies fluctuate”, The Quarterly Journal of Economics, Vol. 2 No. 109, pp. 399-441.
Ramlan, H., & Adnan, M. S. (2016). The profitability of Islamic and conventional bank: Case study in Malaysia. Procedia Economics and Finance, 35, 359-367.
Riaz, S., & Mehar, A. (2013). The impact of Bank Specific and Macroeconomic Indicators on the Profitability of Commercial banks. Romanian Economic Journal, 16(47).
Rose-Ackerman, S. (1999). Political corruption and democracy. Conn. J. Int'l L., 14, 363.
Sanjeev Gupta, Hamic Davoodi and Erwin Tiongson (2000). Corruption and the Provision of Health Care and Education Services’, IMF Working Paper 00/116 (Washington, DC: IMF, June 2000).
Shah, I.H., Aish, K. and Kashif, I. (2022), "How money laundering (ML) affects the loan portfolio quality of Islamic banks?", Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. ahead-of-print No. ahead-of-print. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-11-2021-0130
Souissi-Kachouri, N. (2020). Corruption in the Banking Sector and Economic Growth in MENA Countries. Economic Research Forum (ERF).
Sufian, F. and Habibullah, M.S. (2009), “Bank specific and macroeconomic determinants of bank profitability: empirical evidence from the China banking sector”, Frontiers of Economics in China, Vol. 4 No. 2, pp. 274-91.
Sufian, F., & Parman, S. (2009). Specialization and other determinants of non-commercial bank financial institutions’ profitability: Empirical evidence from Malaysia. Studies in Economics and Finance, 26(2), 113-128.
Tanzi, V. (1998). Corruption around the world: Causes, consequences, scope, and cures. Staff papers, 45(4), 559-594.
Tarek Al-Kayed, L., Raihan Syed Mohd Zain, S. and Duasa, J. (2014), "The relationship between capital structure and performance of Islamic banks", Journal of Islamic Accounting and Business Research, Vol. 5 No. 2, pp. 158-181.
Toader, T., Onofrei, M., Popescu, A. I., & Andrieș, A. M. (2018). Corruption and Banking Stability: Evidence from Emerging Economies. Emerging Markets Finance and Trade, 54(3), 591-617.
Tullock, G. (1967). The welfare costs of tariffs, monopolies, and theft. Western Economic Journal 5 (June): 224–232.
Transparency International (TI), https://www.transparency.org/en
Uddin, A., Chowdhury, M. A. F., & Islam, M. N. (2017). Do Socio-Economic Factors Matter for the Financial Development of a Muslim Country? a Study in Bangladesh Banking Sector. International Journal of Business and Society, 18(S1), 59-78.
Uhde, A., & Heimeshoff, U. (2009). Consolidation in banking and financial stability in Europe: Empirical evidence. Journal of Banking and Finance, 33(7), 1299–1311.
Umar, M., Maijama’a, D., & Adamu, M. (2014). Conceptual exposition of the effect of inflation on bank performance. Journal of World Economic Research, 3(5), 55-59.
Wang, L., Zhou, Y., Song, R., & Sherwood, B. (2018). Quantile-optimal treatment regimes. Journal of the American Statistical Association, 113(523), 1243-1254.
Weill, L. (2011). How corruption affects bank lending in Russia. Economic systems, 35(2), 230-243.
Wan Ibrahim, W.H. and Ismail, A.G. (2015), "Conventional bank and Islamic banking as institutions: similarities and differences", Humanomics, Vol. 31 No. 3, pp. 272-298.
Yakubu, I. N., McMillan, D. (2019). Does corruption grease or sand the wheels of bank profitability in Ghana? Cogent Economics & Finance, 7(1), 1701909.
Zaman, Q.U., Aish, K., Akhter, W. and Zaidi, S.A.H. (2021), "Exploring the role of corruption and money laundering (ML) on banking profitability and stability: a study of Pakistan and Malaysia", Journal of Money Laundering Control, Vol. 24 No. 3, pp. 525-543. https://doi.org/10.1108/JMLC-07-2020-0082























